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WoRMS taxon details

Virgularia Lamarck, 1816

128503  (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:128503)

  1. Biota
  2. Animalia (Kingdom)
  3. Cnidaria (Phylum)
  4. Anthozoa (Subphylum)
  5. Octocorallia (Class)
  6. Scleralcyonacea (Order)
  7. Pennatuloidea (Superfamily)
  8. Virgulariidae (Family)
  9. Virgularia (Genus)
accepted
Genus
Cladiscus Koren & Danielssen, 1877 · unaccepted > junior subjective synonym
Deutocaulon Marshall & Fowler, 1888 · unaccepted > junior subjective synonym
Halisceptrum Herklots, 1863 · unaccepted > junior subjective synonym
Lygus Herklots, 1858 · unaccepted > junior subjective synonym
Protocaulon Kölliker, 1880 · unaccepted > junior subjective synonym
Sceptonidium Richiardi, 1869 · unaccepted > junior subjective synonym
Svava Danielssen & Koren, 1884 · unaccepted > junior subjective synonym
Svavopsis Roule, 1908 · unaccepted > junior subjective synonym

Ordering

  • Alphabetically
  • By status

Children Display

  1. Species Virgularia abies (Kölliker, 1870)
  2. Species Virgularia alba (Nutting, 1912)
  3. Species Virgularia brochi Kükenthal, 1915
  4. Species Virgularia bromleyi Kölliker, 1880
  5. Species Virgularia densa Tixier-Durivault, 1966
  6. Species Virgularia galapagensis Hickson, 1930
  7. Species Virgularia glacialis Kölliker, 1870
  8. Species Virgularia gustaviana (Herklots, 1863)
  9. Species Virgularia halisceptrum Broch, 1910
  10. Species Virgularia juncea (Pallas, 1766)
  11. Species Virgularia kophameli May, 1899
  12. Species Virgularia mirabilis (Müller, 1776)
  13. Species Virgularia presbytes Bayer, 1955
  14. Species Virgularia reinwardtii Herklots, 1858
  15. Species Virgularia rubra Hickson, 1916
  16. Species Virgularia rumphii Kölliker, 1870
  17. Species Virgularia schultzei Kükenthal, 1910
  18. Species Virgularia tuberculata Marshall, 1883
  19. Species Virgularia affinis Koren & Danielssen, 1877 accepted as Virgularia glacialis Kölliker, 1870 (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
  20. Species Virgularia californica Pfeffer, 1886 accepted as Virgularia reinwardtii Herklots, 1858 (synonym)
  21. Species Virgularia christii Koren & Danielssen, 1848 accepted as Halipteris christii (Koren & Danielssen, 1848) accepted as Balticina christii (Koren & Danielssen, 1848) (original combination)
  22. Species Virgularia cladiscus Jungersen, 1904 accepted as Virgularia tuberculata Marshall, 1883 (synonym)
  23. Species Virgularia crispa Pfeffer, 1886 accepted as Virgularia juncea (Pallas, 1766) (synonym)
  24. Species Virgularia elegans (Roule, 1908) accepted as Virgularia roulei Hickson, 1916 accepted as Virgularia amboinensis Kükenthal, 1915 accepted as Virgularia rumphii Kölliker, 1870 (pre-occupied, secondary homonym of V. elegans Danielssen, 1860)
  25. Species Virgularia elegans Danielssen, 1860 accepted as Stylatula elegans (Danielssen, 1860) (unaccepted > superseded combination, original combination)
  26. Species Virgularia elongata Gabb, 1862 accepted as Stylatula elongata (Gabb, 1862) (unaccepted > superseded combination, original combination)
  27. Species Virgularia finmarchica Sars, 1851 accepted as Balticina finmarchica (Sars, 1851) (unaccepted > superseded combination, original combination)
  28. Species Virgularia fusca Thomson & Simpson, 1909 accepted as Virgularia rumphii Kölliker, 1870 (synonym)
  29. Species Virgularia gracilis Gabb, 1864 accepted as Acanthoptilum gracile (Gabb, 1864) (original combination)
  30. Species Virgularia gracilis (Koren & Danielssen, 1877) accepted as Virgularia tuberculata Marshall, 1883 (synonym)
  31. Species Virgularia grandiflora Verrill, 1879 accepted as Anthoptilum grandiflorum (Verrill, 1879) (unaccepted > superseded combination, original combination)
  32. Species Virgularia leuckartii Richiardi, 1869 accepted as Virgularia mirabilis (Müller, 1776) (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
  33. Species Virgularia lovenii Kölliker, 1870 accepted as Virgularia mirabilis (Müller, 1776) (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
  34. Species Virgularia lyungmanii Kölliker, 1870 accepted as Virgularia mirabilis (Müller, 1776) (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
  35. Species Virgularia microphylla Pfeffer, 1886 accepted as Virgularia juncea (Pallas, 1766) (synonym)
  36. Species Virgularia multiflora Kner, 1858 accepted as Virgularia mirabilis (Müller, 1776) (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
  37. Species Virgularia ornata Thomson & Simpson, 1909 accepted as Virgularia andamanensis Kükenthal, 1915 (pre-occupied, junior homonym of V. ornata Fisher, 1874)
  38. Species Virgularia patachonica (unaccepted > nomen nudum, neither an original description nor type specimen have been found)
  39. Species Virgularia patagonica (unaccepted > nomen nudum, no original description or type specimens have been found)
  40. Species Virgularia rigida Moroff, 1902 accepted as Virgularia juncea (Pallas, 1766) (synonym)
  41. Species Virgularia roulei Hickson, 1916 accepted as Virgularia amboinensis Kükenthal, 1915 accepted as Virgularia rumphii Kölliker, 1870 (synonym)
  42. Species Virgularia steenstrupii Kölliker, 1870 accepted as Virgularia glacialis Kölliker, 1870 (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
  43. Species Virgularia tuberculata Thomson & Henderson, 1905 accepted as Virgularia ceylonensis Kükenthal, 1915 (pre-occupied, junior homonym of V. tuberculata Marshall, 1883)
  44. Species Virgularia vanbenedenii Herklots, 1858 accepted as Virgularia mirabilis (Müller, 1776) (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
  45. Species Virgularia vanbenedensis Herklots, 1858 accepted as Virgularia vanbenedenii Herklots, 1858 accepted as Virgularia mirabilis (Müller, 1776) (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym, misspelling)
  46. Species Virgularia agassizii (Studer, 1894) (uncertain)
  47. Species Virgularia amboinensis Kükenthal, 1915 accepted as Virgularia rumphii Kölliker, 1870 (uncertain, synonym)
  48. Species Virgularia andamanensis Kükenthal, 1915 (uncertain)
  49. Species Virgularia australis Lamarck, 1816 (uncertain)
  50. Species Virgularia calycina Thomson, 1905 (uncertain)
  51. Species Virgularia ceylonensis Kükenthal, 1915 (uncertain)
  52. Species Virgularia cystifera (Nutting) (uncertain > unassessed)
  53. Species Virgularia elegans Gray, 1870 (uncertain, junior homonym of V. elegans (Danielssen, 1860))
  54. Species Virgularia ellisii Gray, 1860 (uncertain)
  55. Species Virgularia gracillima Kölliker, 1880 (uncertain)
  56. Species Virgularia hexangularis Kölliker, 1870 (uncertain)
  57. Species Virgularia indica Thomson, 1905 (uncertain)
  58. Species Virgularia koellikerii Richiardi, 1869 (uncertain)
  59. Species Virgularia multicalycina Thomson & Henderson, 1906 (uncertain)
  60. Species Virgularia ornata Fisher, 1874 (uncertain, perhaps belongs to Pavonaria (= Halipteris))
  61. Species Virgularia prolifera Marshall & Fowler, 1889 (uncertain)
  62. Species Virgularia pusilla Verrill, 1865 (uncertain)
  63. Species Virgularia studeri (Nutting, 1908) (uncertain)
  64. Species Virgularia tenuis (Roule, 1908) (uncertain)
marine, brackish, fresh, terrestrial
Lamarck, [J.-B. M.] de. (1816). <i>Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres</i>. Tome second, 566 pp. Paris, Verdière. , available online at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47698
page(s): 429-430 [details] OpenAccess publication
McFadden, C.S.; Cordeiro, R.; Samimi-Namin, K.; Williams, G.; van Ofwegen, L. (2025). World List of Octocorallia. Virgularia Lamarck, 1816. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=128503 on 2025-04-19
Date
action
by
2004-12-21 15:54:05Z
created
Williams, Gary
2005-07-27 12:57:38Z
checked
Williams, Gary
2019-06-25 05:41:35Z
changed
Williams, Gary

Creative Commons License The webpage text is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License


Nomenclature

original description Lamarck, [J.-B. M.] de. (1816). <i>Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres</i>. Tome second, 566 pp. Paris, Verdière. , available online at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47698
page(s): 429-430 [details] OpenAccess publication

original description (of Lygus Herklots, 1858) Herklots, J.A. (1858). Notices pour servir à l'étude des polypiers nageurs ou pennatulides. <em>Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde.</em> 7: 1-31, plates 1-7., available online at https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c073544750&view=1up&seq=9
page(s): 14 [details] 

original description (of Halisceptrum Herklots, 1863) Herklots, J.A. (1863). Description de deux espèces nouvelles de pennatulides des Mers de la Chine. <em>Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde.</em> 1: 31-34., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49105298
page(s): 33 [details] 

original description (of Sceptonidium Richiardi, 1869) Richiardi, S. (1869). Monografia della famiglia dei Pennatularii. <em>Archivio per la zoologia, l'anatomia e la fisiologia (Turin).</em> (2) 1: 1-150, plates 1-14., available online at https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/Vta2/bsb10306574/bsb:4319620?page=11
page(s): 63 [details] 

original description (of Cladiscus Koren & Danielssen, 1877) Koren, J. & D.C.Danielssen. (1877). Contribution to the natural history of the Pennatulidae living on the Norwegian coast. <em>Fauna littoralis Norvegiae.</em> 3: 82-102, plates 3-4, 9-12., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38676226
page(s): 100-101 [details] 

original description (of Protocaulon Kölliker, 1880) Kölliker, A. von. (1880). Report on the Pennatulida dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. <em>Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876, Zoology.</em> 1(2): 1-41, plates 1-11., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41269500
page(s): 26 [details] 

original description (of Svava Danielssen & Koren, 1884) Danielssen, D.C.; Koren, J. (1884). Pennatulida. <em>Den Norske Nordhavs-Expedition 1876-1878. Zoologi.</em> 12: 1-84, plates 1-12.
page(s): 4-9 [details] OpenAccess publication

original description (of Deutocaulon Marshall & Fowler, 1888) Marshall, A.M.; Fowler, G.H. (1887). Report on the Pennatulida dredged by H.M.S. "Porcupine". <em>Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.</em> 33(2): 453-464., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41405360
page(s): 461 [details] 

original description (of Svavopsis Roule, 1908) Roule, L. (1908). Alcyonaires d'Amboine. <em>Revue suisse de zoologie.</em> 16: 161-194, plates 6-8., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9973176
page(s): 181-184 [details] 

basis of record Williams, G.C.; van der Land, J. (2001). Octocorallia - Pennatulacea. <em>in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification.</em> Collection Patrimoines Naturels 50: pp. 105-106. (look up in IMIS) [details] 

Other

additional source Williams, G. Pennatulacea checklist for ERMS2. [details] 

additional source Williams, G.C. (1992). Biogeography of the octocorallian coelenterate fauna of southern Africa. <em>Biol. J. Linn. Soc.</em> 46: 351-401. [details] Available for editors  PDF available [request]

additional source Hayward, P.J. & J.S. Ryland (Eds.). (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. <em>Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK.</em> 627 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors  PDF available [request]

additional source Williams, G.C. (1999). Index Pennatulacea: annotated bibliography and indexes of the Sea Pens (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) of the World 1469-1999. <em>Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.</em> 51(2): 19-103, 1 fig., 14 plates. (look up in IMIS) [details] 

additional source Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. <em>China Science Press.</em> 1267 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors  PDF available [request]

additional source Kükenthal, W. (1915). Pennatularia. Das Tierreich. 43: 1-132., available online at https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/900948
page(s): 71-80 [details] 

additional source Williams, G.C. (2000). Two new genera of soft corals (Anthozoa: Alcyoniidae) from South Africa, with a discussion of diversity and endemism in the Southern African octocorallian fauna. <em>Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences.</em> 52(6): 65-75.
page(s): 71, 72 [details] 

additional source López-González, P. J.; Williams, G. C. (2002). A new genus and species of sea pen (Octocorallia : Pennatulacea : Stachyptilidae) from the Antarctic Peninsula. <em>Invertebrate Systematics.</em> 16(6): 919-929., available online at https://doi.org/10.1071/it01027
page(s): 926 [details] 

additional source Williams, G.C. (1990). The Pennatulacea of southern Africa (Coelenterata, Anthozoa). <em>Annals of the South African Museum. Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum.</em> 99:31-119., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40684114
page(s): 40, 94, 111 [details] 

additional source Utinomi, H.; Harada, E. (1973). Rediscovery of an enigmatic octocoral, Pseudogorgia godeffroyi Kolliker, from southern Australia and a discussion on its systematic position. <em>Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory.</em> 20: 111-132., available online at https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/175785/1/fia020_111.pdf
page(s): 125 [details] 

additional source Hickson, S.J. (1916). The Pennatulacea of the Siboga Expedition with a general survey of the order. <em>Siboga Expeditie.</em> 14: 1-265, plates 1-10., available online at https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31822010548360&view=1up&seq=7
page(s): 148-160 [details] 

additional source Kölliker, A. von. (1870). Anatomisch-systematische Beschreibung der Alcyonarien. Erste Abtheilung: Die Pennatuliden. <em>Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft.</em> 7: 487-602., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16209642
page(s): 522-529 [details] 

additional source Deichmann, E. (1936). The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. <em>Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College.</em> 53: 1-317, plates 1-37., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4363633
page(s): 11, 274-275 [details] 

additional source Bayer, F.M. (1955). Contributions to the nomenclature, systematics, and morphology of the Octocorallia. <em>Proceedings of the United States National Museum.</em> 105: 207-220, plates 1-8., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15705299
page(s): 217, Pl. 7 [details] Available for editors  PDF available [request]

additional source Williams, G. C. (1995). The enigmatic sea pen genus Gyrophyllum - a phylogenetic reassessment and description of G. sibogae from Tasmanian waters (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 48(15): 315-327
page(s): 322, 325 [details] 

additional source Williams, G. C. (1997). Preliminary assessment of the phylogeny of Pennatulacea (Anthozoa: Octocorallia), with a reevaluation of Ediacaran frond-like fossils, and a synopsis of the history of evolutionary thought regarding the sea pens. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Coelenterate Biology, 497-509
page(s): 498, 499, 501, 502, 503, 505 [details] 

additional source Broch, H. (1958). Octocorals. Part I. Pennatularians. Discovery Reports, XXIX, 245-280, plates XI, XII
page(s): 273 [details] 

additional source Belcik, F. P. (1977). A distribution study of the Octocorallia of Oregon. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 24(1-3): 49-52
page(s): 51 [details] 

additional source Bayer, F. M. (1950). A new species of the gorgonacean genus Ainigmaptilon Dean (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 40(9): 295-298
page(s): 295 [details] Available for editors  PDF available [request]

additional source Imahara, Y. (2006). Preliminary report on the alcyonacean and pennatulacean octocorals collected by the natural history research of the Sagami Sea. Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo) [Kokuritsu Kagaku Hakubutsukan], 40, 91-101
page(s): 101 [details] 

additional source Kükenthal, W.; Broch, H. (1911). Pennatulacea. <em>Wissensch. Ergebn. Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition "Valdivia".</em> 13(1), 2: i-iv + 113-576, plates 13-29.
page(s): 323-326 [details] 

 
 Present  Inaccurate  Introduced: alien  Containing type locality 
Unreviewed
Habitat Known from seamounts and knolls [details]
    Definitions

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LanguageName 
Japanese ヤナギウミエラ属  [details]
To Biological Information System for Marine Life (BISMaL) 
To European Nucleotide Archive, ENA (Cladiscus) (from synonym Cladiscus Koren & Danielssen, 1877)
To European Nucleotide Archive, ENA (Lygus) (from synonym Lygus Herklots, 1858)
To European Nucleotide Archive, ENA (Virgularia) 
To Genbank 
To Genbank (from synonym Cladiscus Koren & Danielssen, 1877)
To NMNH Extant Collection (Illustration 002165) (from synonym Lygus Herklots, 1858)
To ITIS
Unreviewed
To NMNH Extant Collection (Illustration 002165)
To NMNH Extant Collection (Illustration 002165)
Hosted externally, from synonym
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