Anobothrus Levinsen, 1884 is the fourth most species-rich genus within the family Ampharetidae Malmgren, 1866. The diagnosis of the genus has been repeatedly amended to include new species and has now become wide and diffuse. To clarify the diagnostic characters of Anobothrus, its type species, Ampharete gracilis Malmgren, 1866, is here redescribed based on type material. Furthermore, the study of additional type material of other species enabled us to redescribe A. glandularis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965), and new combinations of three other species: A. debrouweri (Jeldes & Lefevre, 1959) comb. nov., A. homus (Chamberlin, 1919) comb. nov., and A. sombrerianus (M’Intosh, 1885) comb. nov. We confirm that Sosanides Hartmann-Schröder, 1965 is a junior synonym of Anobothrus. Whereas Melythasides Desbruyères, 1978 and Anobothrella Hartman, 1967 are reinstated; we redescribe the holotype of M. laubieri Desbruyères, 1978, and with non-type material we redescribe Anobothrella antarctica (Monro, 1939).