Many marine annelids are active tube builders. Several polychaete families make agglutinated tubes by fixing sediment particles with specific secretions from their epithelial glands. The fine structure of the tubes of six species of Maldanidae from five genera (Nicomache minor, N. lumbricalis, Maldane sarsi, Praxillella praetermissa, Axiothella catenata, Rhodine gracilior) was examined by scanning electron microscopy. These species exhibit different lifestyles. Nicomache minor and N. lumbricalis inhabit massive hard tubes attached to stones. Other species live in the sediment, Rhodine in rigid organic tubes, Praxillella, Axiothella and Maldane in sand or mud tubes. All the examined maldanid tubes have a similar basic structure. The inner sheath of the tubes is made of a hardened organic lining secreted by the worm. Fibres from the inner sheath fasten sediment particles of the agglutinated layer. In Nicomache the tube surface is covered with a fibrous outer layer. All tube layers contain variously arranged organic fibres, which form a 3D network in the agglutinated layer and fabric-like linings in the inner sheath and outer layer. The tubes of Maldanidae may be important for taxonomy, and useful for identification of fossils.
