RAS taxon details
Virgularia Lamarck, 1816
128503 (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:128503)
accepted
Genus
marine, brackish, fresh, terrestrial
Lamarck, [J.-B. M.] de. (1816). <i>Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres</i>. Tome second, 566 pp. Paris, Verdière. , available online at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47698
page(s): 429-430 [details]
page(s): 429-430 [details]
McFadden, C.S.; Cordeiro, R.; Samimi-Namin, K.; Williams, G.; van Ofwegen, L. (2025). World List of Octocorallia. Virgularia Lamarck, 1816. Accessed through: RAS (Eds.) (2025) Register of Antarctic Species at: https://ras.biodiversity.aq/aphia.php/www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=128503 on 2026-06-30
RAS (Eds.) (2026). Register of Antarctic Species. Virgularia Lamarck, 1816. Accessed at: https://ras.biodiversity.aq/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=128503 on 2026-06-30
Date
action
by
original description
Lamarck, [J.-B. M.] de. (1816). <i>Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres</i>. Tome second, 566 pp. Paris, Verdière. , available online at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47698
page(s): 429-430 [details]
basis of record Williams, G.C.; van der Land, J. (2001). Octocorallia - Pennatulacea. <em>in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification.</em> Collection Patrimoines Naturels 50: pp. 105-106. (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional source Williams, G. Pennatulacea checklist for ERMS2. [details]
additional source Williams, G.C. (1992). Biogeography of the octocorallian coelenterate fauna of southern Africa. <em>Biol. J. Linn. Soc.</em> 46: 351-401. [details] Available for editors
additional source Hayward, P.J. & J.S. Ryland (Eds.). (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. <em>Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK.</em> 627 pp. (look up in IMIS), available online at https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198573562.001.0001 [details] Available for editors
additional source Williams, G.C. (1999). Index Pennatulacea: annotated bibliography and indexes of the Sea Pens (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) of the World 1469-1999. <em>Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.</em> 51(2): 19-103, 1 fig., 14 plates. (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional source Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). [Checklist of marine biota of China seas]. <em>China Science Press.</em> 1267 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors
additional source Kükenthal, W. (1915). Pennatularia. Das Tierreich. 43: 1-132., available online at https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/900948
page(s): 71-80 [details]
additional source Williams, G.C. (2000). Two new genera of soft corals (Anthozoa: Alcyoniidae) from South Africa, with a discussion of diversity and endemism in the Southern African octocorallian fauna. <em>Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences.</em> 52(6): 65-75.
page(s): 71, 72 [details]
additional source López-González, P. J.; Williams, G. C. (2002). A new genus and species of sea pen (Octocorallia : Pennatulacea : Stachyptilidae) from the Antarctic Peninsula. <em>Invertebrate Systematics.</em> 16(6): 919-929., available online at https://doi.org/10.1071/it01027
page(s): 926 [details]
additional source Williams, G.C. (1990). The Pennatulacea of southern Africa (Coelenterata, Anthozoa). <em>Annals of the South African Museum. Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum.</em> 99:31-119., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40684114
page(s): 40, 94, 111 [details]
additional source Utinomi, H.; Harada, E. (1973). Rediscovery of an enigmatic octocoral, Pseudogorgia godeffroyi Kolliker, from southern Australia and a discussion on its systematic position. <em>Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory.</em> 20: 111-132., available online at https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/175785/1/fia020_111.pdf
page(s): 125 [details]
additional source Hickson, S.J. (1916). The Pennatulacea of the Siboga Expedition with a general survey of the order. <em>Siboga Expeditie.</em> 14: 1-265, plates 1-10., available online at https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31822010548360&view=1up&seq=7
page(s): 148-160 [details]
additional source Kölliker, A. von. (1870). Anatomisch-systematische Beschreibung der Alcyonarien. Erste Abtheilung: Die Pennatuliden. <em>Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft.</em> 7: 487-602., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16209642
page(s): 522-529 [details]
additional source Deichmann, E. (1936). The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. <em>Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College.</em> 53: 1-317, plates 1-37., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4363633
page(s): 11, 274-275 [details]
additional source Bayer, F.M. (1955). Contributions to the nomenclature, systematics, and morphology of the Octocorallia. <em>Proceedings of the United States National Museum.</em> 105: 207-220, plates 1-8., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15705299
page(s): 217, Pl. 7 [details] Available for editors
additional source Williams, G. C. (1995). The enigmatic sea pen genus Gyrophyllum - a phylogenetic reassessment and description of G. sibogae from Tasmanian waters (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 48(15): 315-327
page(s): 322, 325 [details]
additional source Williams, G. C. (1997). Preliminary assessment of the phylogeny of Pennatulacea (Anthozoa: Octocorallia), with a reevaluation of Ediacaran frond-like fossils, and a synopsis of the history of evolutionary thought regarding the sea pens. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Coelenterate Biology, 497-509
page(s): 498, 499, 501, 502, 503, 505 [details]
additional source Broch, H. (1958). Octocorals. Part I. Pennatularians. Discovery Reports, XXIX, 245-280, plates XI, XII
page(s): 273 [details]
additional source Belcik, F. P. (1977). A distribution study of the Octocorallia of Oregon. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 24(1-3): 49-52, available online at https://doi.org/10.5134/175960
page(s): 51 [details]
additional source Bayer, F. M. (1950). A new species of the gorgonacean genus Ainigmaptilon Dean (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 40(9): 295-298
page(s): 295 [details] Available for editors
additional source Imahara, Y. (2006). Preliminary report on the alcyonacean and pennatulacean octocorals collected by the natural history research of the Sagami Sea. Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo) [Kokuritsu Kagaku Hakubutsukan], 40, 91-101
page(s): 101 [details]
additional source Kükenthal, W.; Broch, H. (1911). Pennatulacea. <em>Wissensch. Ergebn. Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition "Valdivia".</em> 13(1), 2: i-iv + 113-576, plates 13-29.
page(s): 323-326 [details]
page(s): 429-430 [details]
basis of record Williams, G.C.; van der Land, J. (2001). Octocorallia - Pennatulacea. <em>in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification.</em> Collection Patrimoines Naturels 50: pp. 105-106. (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional source Williams, G. Pennatulacea checklist for ERMS2. [details]
additional source Williams, G.C. (1992). Biogeography of the octocorallian coelenterate fauna of southern Africa. <em>Biol. J. Linn. Soc.</em> 46: 351-401. [details] Available for editors
additional source Hayward, P.J. & J.S. Ryland (Eds.). (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. <em>Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK.</em> 627 pp. (look up in IMIS), available online at https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198573562.001.0001 [details] Available for editors
additional source Williams, G.C. (1999). Index Pennatulacea: annotated bibliography and indexes of the Sea Pens (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) of the World 1469-1999. <em>Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.</em> 51(2): 19-103, 1 fig., 14 plates. (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional source Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). [Checklist of marine biota of China seas]. <em>China Science Press.</em> 1267 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors
additional source Kükenthal, W. (1915). Pennatularia. Das Tierreich. 43: 1-132., available online at https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/900948
page(s): 71-80 [details]
additional source Williams, G.C. (2000). Two new genera of soft corals (Anthozoa: Alcyoniidae) from South Africa, with a discussion of diversity and endemism in the Southern African octocorallian fauna. <em>Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences.</em> 52(6): 65-75.
page(s): 71, 72 [details]
additional source López-González, P. J.; Williams, G. C. (2002). A new genus and species of sea pen (Octocorallia : Pennatulacea : Stachyptilidae) from the Antarctic Peninsula. <em>Invertebrate Systematics.</em> 16(6): 919-929., available online at https://doi.org/10.1071/it01027
page(s): 926 [details]
additional source Williams, G.C. (1990). The Pennatulacea of southern Africa (Coelenterata, Anthozoa). <em>Annals of the South African Museum. Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum.</em> 99:31-119., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40684114
page(s): 40, 94, 111 [details]
additional source Utinomi, H.; Harada, E. (1973). Rediscovery of an enigmatic octocoral, Pseudogorgia godeffroyi Kolliker, from southern Australia and a discussion on its systematic position. <em>Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory.</em> 20: 111-132., available online at https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/175785/1/fia020_111.pdf
page(s): 125 [details]
additional source Hickson, S.J. (1916). The Pennatulacea of the Siboga Expedition with a general survey of the order. <em>Siboga Expeditie.</em> 14: 1-265, plates 1-10., available online at https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31822010548360&view=1up&seq=7
page(s): 148-160 [details]
additional source Kölliker, A. von. (1870). Anatomisch-systematische Beschreibung der Alcyonarien. Erste Abtheilung: Die Pennatuliden. <em>Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft.</em> 7: 487-602., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16209642
page(s): 522-529 [details]
additional source Deichmann, E. (1936). The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. <em>Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College.</em> 53: 1-317, plates 1-37., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4363633
page(s): 11, 274-275 [details]
additional source Bayer, F.M. (1955). Contributions to the nomenclature, systematics, and morphology of the Octocorallia. <em>Proceedings of the United States National Museum.</em> 105: 207-220, plates 1-8., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15705299
page(s): 217, Pl. 7 [details] Available for editors
additional source Williams, G. C. (1995). The enigmatic sea pen genus Gyrophyllum - a phylogenetic reassessment and description of G. sibogae from Tasmanian waters (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 48(15): 315-327
page(s): 322, 325 [details]
additional source Williams, G. C. (1997). Preliminary assessment of the phylogeny of Pennatulacea (Anthozoa: Octocorallia), with a reevaluation of Ediacaran frond-like fossils, and a synopsis of the history of evolutionary thought regarding the sea pens. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Coelenterate Biology, 497-509
page(s): 498, 499, 501, 502, 503, 505 [details]
additional source Broch, H. (1958). Octocorals. Part I. Pennatularians. Discovery Reports, XXIX, 245-280, plates XI, XII
page(s): 273 [details]
additional source Belcik, F. P. (1977). A distribution study of the Octocorallia of Oregon. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 24(1-3): 49-52, available online at https://doi.org/10.5134/175960
page(s): 51 [details]
additional source Bayer, F. M. (1950). A new species of the gorgonacean genus Ainigmaptilon Dean (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 40(9): 295-298
page(s): 295 [details] Available for editors
additional source Imahara, Y. (2006). Preliminary report on the alcyonacean and pennatulacean octocorals collected by the natural history research of the Sagami Sea. Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo) [Kokuritsu Kagaku Hakubutsukan], 40, 91-101
page(s): 101 [details]
additional source Kükenthal, W.; Broch, H. (1911). Pennatulacea. <em>Wissensch. Ergebn. Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition "Valdivia".</em> 13(1), 2: i-iv + 113-576, plates 13-29.
page(s): 323-326 [details]
Present Inaccurate Introduced: alien Containing type locality
